Fauquier Gas Company Essay

Fauquier Gas Company, is one of the nation’s 440 gas companies, served an area where land use was changing from agricultural to residential and commercial. The company is beginning a new project that consist of having 3  ½ miles of lines ready to be hooked up by September. This is another one of the demands that Fauquier have on their hands not including the additional 10 lines that they plan on starting for next project. It takes great deal of engineers and contractors and constructions workers to meet this deadline, not to include precise planning. Mr. Clive Byers is the construction project manager, Mr. Charlie Buck is the design superintendent, Pat Wilson is design engineer, Sam Law is project engineer, and Mr. Bill Murphy is the manager of supply management. All of these individuals are under management of the vice president of operations for the company. These individuals play a huge role in meeting all requirements and specifications for this project. In order to meet all the deadlines into building this project all parties involved have to communicate effectively. Mr. Murphy is responsible for ensuring all the supplies that goes into ordering is placed and delivered in a timely manner. Mr. Murphy has ran into a road block, he is unable to retrieve the purchase request for the pipeline. Pat Wilson, the design engineer who is in charge of going through all the specifications has change the diameter of the pipe to 24 inches. Mr. Murphy asked why they change in the wall thickness and length. Wilson informed him that the operation of the line would be governed by less stringent specifications, making the wall thickness  ¾ inches and the length would be 57 feet. Pat was considering cost as a role in the project based on her design and that lead to the change in the specifications. As the specifications is getting sorted out by Pat Wilson, Mr. Murphy was getting concerned about the economic consequences and the schedule impact of the proposed changes in wall thickness and length of the pipe. Mr. Murphy is being faced with many logistical and supply problems due to not having the purchase request. Mr. Murphy has done projects before and understands the lead time that he needs to place orders in order to get supplies delivered. There is already a time line to break ground and start construction in June. Mr. Murphy last communication with Pat Wilson was on April 14 and without the specifications being worked out accordingly Mr. Murphy is unsuccessful with meeting his deadline with the companies who supply the pipeline and  wrappers. Mr. Murphy should just contact Mr. Buck the superintendent for the design department and try to figure out how the process can be expedited. If customers are expecting their gas pipelines to be hookup by a certain deadline then I feel that since Fauquier is trying to branch off and do commercial property then they need to meet all deadlines in order to have a good review. It seems although the team of people are not communicating and instead of keeping each other informed of the process that leaves Mr. Murphy reaching out to figure out what is the hold up with the design specifications. To fix this issue I feel like the superintendent should have put deadlines on all the departments so that everyone would have adequate enough time to prepare and plan. Mr. Murphy has been asking for purchase request since over hearing a conversation at lunch that took place in January. There is no reason why he should still not have what he needs after speaking with Pat Wilson in April about the specifications. If deadlines are in place and meetings are being made every two weeks with updates then I feel like they would be able to break ground in June and the supplies would have already been on order and delivered in a timely manner. 1.What are the key facts? Mr. Murphy is responsible for the purchase of materials used in the gas distribution process such as fittings, pipes and meters. Mr. Murphy is also responsible for the procurement of furniture, stores management, materials forecasting and control, systems and forms. Fauquier Gas company has a deadline to have 3  ½ miles of lines ready for hookup by September. Mr. Murphy is concerned about being able to find a supplier who could deliver 3  ½ miles of large diameter pipe. 2.What is the problem? Mr. Murphy is unable to process the order for the project to receive the supplies in a timely manner for the construction to begin in June due to the design team and the superintendent Mr. Buck. 3.List and discuss three alternative solutions. Mr. Buck needs to have meetings in relation to the status of the project and  the specifications. He needs to set deadlines, due to a large number of workers that are involved in this project to ensure that everyone is meeting the requirements for the project to begin in June and be finish by September. 4.What is your recommended solution? To fix this issue I feel like the superintendent should have put deadlines on all the departments so that everyone would have adequate enough time to prepare and plan. Mr. Murphy has been asking for purchase request since over hearing a conversation at lunch that took place in January. There is no reason why he should still not have what he needs after speaking with Pat Wilson in April about the specifications. If deadlines are in place and meetings are being made every two weeks with updates then I feel like they would be able to break ground in June and the supplies would have already been on order and delivered in a timely manner.

A.A. Milne

He is creator of one the world's most beloved characters, he is the author of our childhood's favorite stories, he is A. A Milne. A. A. Milne is the author of the popular and cherished Winnie the Pooh stories. Anyone who is young, or young at heart can gravitate to the stories that have brought joy to our hearts for nearly a century. Milne’s life is not only enlightening, but discovering the true inspirations, accomplishments and triumphs behind his extraordinary tales will change how you read them forever. Before he became the famous author he is today, Milne lived a rather normal and quiet life. Milne was born to Sarah and John Milne in Hampstead, London on January 18th 1882 . For most of his childhood and young adulthood, Milne resided in the school his father ran, the Henley house, which he also attended as a child (just-pooh). As a boy, Milne was a rather bright student who learned to read and write before the age of five (Wheeler). Milne’s extraordinary grades in Mathematics, and especially Writing, got him numerous scholarships to many different universities such as Cambridge. Although Milne always aspired to be a writer, on of his inspirations was the famous H. G Wells who became his teacher and Mentor (poohcorner). The more he learned from Wells, the more Milne aspired to be a writer. It is certain that without the encouraging words and teachings from his mentor, Milne would not be the same, remarkable author he became. Though Milne garnered encouragement and knowledge from Well’s unique teaching styles there was another source of inspiration that was be yond just encouraging words, this source of inspiration shaped A. A. Milne’s career into what we know and still praise him for today. In 1913, Milne married Dorothy Daphne de Selincourt, together they had a gregarious, effervescent son named Christopher Robin Milne. (winniethepohh). From the day of his birth, Christopher served as his father's main source of inspiration; Milne wrote poems for him that later became his book When We Were Very young (1924), and most importantly, he and his toys became inspirations for Milne’s now most famous, Winnie the Pooh Series. All written between 1926 and 1928, Milne’s fulgent and quip filled books launched his career and today are his most read, appraised and notable works (justpooh). These unique and charming tales would change Milne’s life forever. Although there is no recorded evidence of Milne receiving any notable awards for his stories , it is certain he regaled many gracious acknowledgements, un-matching success all thanks to his loyal fans. Milne’s gained many fans for his poems, plays and especially Pooh novels that only increased, when his wife Dorothy sold the rights to Pooh to Disney after his death (wheeler). Although most of his fans were and are children, many adults have enjoyed his plays and even original Pooh books for their inspirational themes and striking, quirky story lines. As I read A. A milne’s poems and stories I recognised two, distinct, recurring themes; embracing individuality and the the importance of problem of solving. Unfortunately, Milne never discussed the themes found in his stories and their personal importance, nor if he purposely added them into his works. Although Milne’s thoughts regarding his themes are uncertain, something that is certain is, no matter what story or poem is read, Milne’s works will leave the reader with a sense of joy and satisfaction, that will leave anyone wanting to apply his recurring themes into everyday life. Although Milne happens to be one of my favorite authors, I recently discovered things I previously did not know about him through my research. Because Winnie the Pooh was such a big part of my childhood, and that of many of my peers, I was surprised to find, he lived and wrote all his works in England during the 20’s and up until his death in 1956. I was also surprised to find Milne was in the English Royal Army, and participated in World War II. Although there were a lot of social and political situations occurring at the time such as the Great Depression and the War, I found it unusual that none of these events influenced his literary process(poohcorner). Milne rather focused on the joys of childhood and teaching kids, and adults, the key to a happy future through his themes. Another extraordinary fact is, all of of the elements of his Pooh books were inspired by a personal aspect in his life. The characters were all based on his son’s toys and the place where his Pooh books took place was based off his sylvan family home in Sussex, England (kidsreads). Without Milne works it is easy to conclude children’s literature would not be the same. In my opinion, A. A Milne, through his writing, inspired countless authors and raised the canon to what is now, modern children's literature. He has brought joy to countless people and his scintillating stories are timeless. A . A Milne plays an important role in not only our childhood but that of our parents and future children and grandchildren. Milne, in my eyes, can easily stand aside the greatest authors of our time and in the hearts of individuals around the world.

Antigone vs a Raisin in the Sun Essay

While Antigone by Sophocles and A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry are very difference stories they have many similarities. Antigone is the about daughter of Oedipus trying to do what she believes is good. Her brothers have killed each other and while one gets a proper burial, the other is left to be eaten by wild animals. The reason he is not allowed to be buried is because King Creon believes he is unworthy of it. The main character Antigone defies Creon’s law and buries her brother anyways which upsets the king and he locks her up and puts her in jail. His son Haemon, as it turns out, is Antigone’s soon to be husband. He does not agree with Creon’s tactics, but doesn’t do anything to go against him at first. Over time, Creon still does not have any intention of letting Antigone go nor does he think that he is wrong. A prophet comes to him and tells him he should probably let Antigone go unless he wants to live a miserable life. He still does not let her go, and it ends up that she kills herself. Haemon sees this, and also kills himself. Lastly, his wife Eurydice is so distraught that she kills herself, and Creon is left all alone. A Raisin in the Sun is about a poor black family that suddenly inherits a good sum of money because the family’s father died. Mama, the mother of the household, wants to get a house of their very own which happens to be in a white neighborhood. Beneatha, the young student of the family, wants to use the money for her education. Walter, Mama’s only son and Ruth’s husband, wants to invest the money in a liquor store. Over the course of the play they are met with racists, liars, and snobs who conflict with the main characters. After all the hardships they eventually still move into the house. These two very different stories have similar and different themes, situations, symbols and characters. Antigone and A Raisin in the Sun have a lot of similarities. The burial in Antigone symbolizes the love for her family. The prophet symbolizes the fate of the family. Ruth symbolizes the hardships of motherhood. The money symbolizes the father, and the future goals of the family. Both stories have symbols that have to do with family. A symbol is something that stands for itself and something greater than itself, and both stories use people as symbols, acts that people do as symbols, and objects as symbols. Walter: [W]e have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. † Fathers in the family are very important to each of the characters. Both Creon and Walter want respect as a father. The main female protagonists in each story are similar too. They are strong independent women that stand up for what they believe in. While Bennie wants to get in touch with her African roots, Antigone wants to bury her brother. Other people doubt these female heroes, but in the end they follow their hearts. The theme of pride is also evident in both of the stories. Creon and Walter’s pride is the downfall of both of them. Walter is too prideful to admit that maybe his get rich quick schemes are not what the family should be doing with the money. Creon’s pride makes it so that he cannot just let Antigone go and ends up killing everyone he holds close. The situations that the characters in the stories go through have some similar situations also. Both have the situation of losing a loved one before any action takes place. In Antigone we don’t get to know the actual brother that is being buried but he is a big part of the play. Same thing goes for A Raisin in the Sun, where we don’t really know much about the deceased father, though all the main characters miss him. For plays that are so widely different, there are many similarities. Even though there are similarities, there are many differences between the two plays. For one thing, no one actually dies in A Raisin in the Sun. It is not a tragedy like Antigone is and thus, it is way less tragic. â€Å"My nails are broken, my fingers are bleeding, my arms are covered with the welts left by the paws of your guards—but I am a queen! † No way would this appear in A Raisin in the Sun. While Antigone is a greek tragedy written before the birth of Christ, the other story takes place in Chicago in the 1950’s. While the character Antigone goes to great lengths to ensure her brother’s burial, she does not take into account how her sister Ismene will be affected, or how her future marriage might be terminated. The characters in A Raisin in the Sun are much more thoughtful of each other and want the money to be used to help everyone in the family. Antigone does not have any money problems because she was the king’s daughter and all her money issues are taken care of. While she does not have any money issues, it does not mean in any way that her life is more fortunate. One of the prevailing themes of this play is the nature of tragedy. No matter what happens we know that it is doomed to fail because of the nature of the play. At least when reading A Raisin in the Sun we hope that the Youngers have everything turn out all right. The theme in that story is about dreams and much more relatable. In conclusion, Antigone and A Raisin in the Sun have many similarities and differences. The symbols in the story greatly vary in many aspects while they still have something to do with family. The characters Antigone and Bennie are alike while Creon and Walter are also alike. There are many different themes in both stories but love, family, and pride are alike in both of them. The conflicts in the story do not have very much in common which makes it more out of the ordinary that they have similar symbols, characters and themes. It is interesting how two greatly varying stories can have so much in common even though they were written by very different people.

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING REPORT FOR New Zealand Essay

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING REPORT FOR New Zealand - Essay Example 1. Annual Growth Rate in Country The annual growth rate of the nation itself is 1.3%(Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 2. Birth Growth Rate in Country Birth rates have remained steady and are currently contribute to an approximate growth rate of 1.0% per annum (New Zealand Statistical Database 1). 3. Fertility Growth Rate in Country As of statistics gathered, the fertility rate within the country stands at .04% (New Zealand Statistical Database 1) 2.1 children per female The average number of children per female member of the society works to 1.9 (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 4. Net Migration Rate in Country The research notes that there are approximately 2.26 migrants per 1,000 individuals (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). E. Death Rate in Country Likewise, the current death rate within the country stands at 7.54 New Zealand Statistical Database 1). 1. Number of Deaths Per Thousand in Country In much the same way, the number of deaths per thousand individuals is 7.20 (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 2. Infant Mortality Rate in Country Infant mortality comes in at at a low 5.59 (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). F. ... 2. Life Expectancy for Total Population of Country Life expectancy for total population was noted to equate to 80.7 (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 3. Life Expectancy for Males in Country The average life expectancy for a male is currently 78.4 years of age (New Zealand Statistical Database 1). 4. Life Expectancy for Females in Country Similarly, and not surprisingly, the average life extinct for females is nominally higher at 82.4 years of age (New Zealand Statistical Database 1). G. Ethnic Groups in Country (actual number and population percentage) Major ethnic groups include: Caucasian, Maori, Asian, Pacific islanders (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 1. Number of Ethnic Groups in Country There are currently 4 major ethnic groups represented within the country (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 2. Name and Size of Ethnic Groups in Country With regards to the name and size of the ethnic groups, the following statistics helps to shed light on the percentage totals exhibited: 78% European 14.6% Maori 9.2% Asian 6.9% Pacific islanders (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). H. Religious Groups in Country (population) Of the total population in New Zealand, approximately 2,924,318 consider themselves to be religiously affiliated (New Zealand Statistical Database 1). 1. Number of Religious Groups in Country Of the main and measurable religious groups within the country, New Zealand currently recognizes the existence of 22 separate and distinct groups (Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 1). 2. Names and Size of Religious Groups in Country Of these groups, the majority are affiliated as follows: Christianity – 53.6% Undeclared – 7.7% Hinduism 1.7% Buddhism 1.4%

The U.S.A War with Iran Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The U.S.A War with Iran - Research Paper Example Let’s first discuss why Iran is disliked among the Western nations. Iran has already been seeing tense relationship with the U.S. and its allies, since the Iranian Revolution that came about in the late 1970s. The threat to Iran’s solidarity increased when President Bush declared it as part of â€Å"Axis of Evil† (â€Å"Iran War†, para.1). This risk did not decrease with the election bringing Barrack Obama in presidency. The notion that has further triggered the decision of war with Iran is Iran’s quest in nuclear technology. According to the U.S., the fact that Iran is acquiring nuclear weapons will be a threat to world’s peace. Even the allies of the U.S. - England, Germany, and France, are worried about this nuclear state of Iran. Moreover, Israel has also a long prevailed hate relationship with the Muslim world. This hatred grew when the President of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, gave some anti-Semitic statements declaring that Israel should not be present on the face of the Earth. This situation increased Israel’s worry that Iran might be acquiring nuclear weapons to destroy Israel, which being one of the U.S.’s allies.This introduction explained why the U.S. decides to enter into war with Iraq, but now let’s discuss why this is a bad strategy. First of all, it is a matter of peace. Entering into war will disrupt the peace, not only of Iran but also of the U.S. who has already lost the lives of many of soldiers in military actions against Iraq and Afghanistan.... who has already lost the lives of many of soldiers in military actions against Iraq and Afghanistan. Nouraee (para.10) states that Americans will never tolerate if the correct number of casualties of American soldiers in the war is revealed to them. War will only increase hatred and will encourage the residents of the attacked country to develop rebellious feelings toward the U.S. This will not help to decrease terrorist attacks, but will increase violence and radical hostility. It will only turn it into a global hate war. Hence, war on terror in Iran is not a good strategy, because the U.S. has already been suffering from financial burden because of heavy budgets being assigned to war on terror. The U.S. will never want to weaken its economy further. Terrorism is still increasing. Hence, we cannot relate the war on terror to increase or decrease in terrorism. War will only raise turbulence, hatred, rebellion, violence, as well as even more terrorist attacks in future. Also, war mean s destruction. War kills many innocent people along side terrorists. Little children, frail women, and old people get killed for no reason. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan killed many innocent lives. The U.S. has always been a liberal country, as well as has always talked about the rights of children, men, women, old people, and even animals. If the U.S. enters into a war with Iran, it will be a huge threat to the liberal reputation for it. The war on terror must come to halt because it kills innocent citizens of the attacked country. Cline (para.1) writes that: One of the most common antiwar arguments is the fact that wars result in the deaths of innocent people. This objection accepts that a state may have a vested interest in

Interview a nurse researcher Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview a nurse researcher - Assignment Example Nurse X also stated as a clinical researcher, they always assure that confidentiality is upheld at all times and that they often participated in clinical trials. In a clinical trial or project, the clinical research nurse’s roles are to act as patient advocates and to ensure that the complex needs of patients participating in the research study are met. In addition, Nurse X also stated that their actions are geared towards efficient care following the federal and research regulations. Nurse X both use library and computer resources in every research endeavor. Computers are frequently used because of ease of access and various data bases. Measurements utilized are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement while the statistics used range from frequency distribution, percentage distribution, analysis of variance, chi-square and others. Nurse X humbly told the author that as a novice, she had to undergo a lot of trainings and professional developments in order to become an expert in the field of clinical research. Aside from the minimal qualifications of registered nurse preparations, basic life support certification, and recent acute care experiences, Nurse X underwent trainings related to the enhancement of core competencies in terms of research process, evidence-based nursing, Institutional Regulatory Board policies, interpersonal and communication skills, as well as computer skills and electronic health record. Nurse X stated that students could learn how to be a competent researcher by using keying strategies in literature searching and by conducting a search of the basic steps in research prior to the study because Nurse X believe the a strong foundation in research would guide the student in effective and competent research. In the last part of the interview, the author asked the nurse of what were the difficulties she encountered during clinical research and how did the nurse manage the difficulties using

What constitutes a quality research proposal Essay

What constitutes a quality research proposal - Essay Example Proficiency in research proposal writing cannot counteract an unsound project, yet it can offer the supplementary gauge of quality that discerns a premium research proposal with its competition (Levinson 2000). Basically a research proposal is the demonstration of a plan that an individual aims to pursue. A quality research proposal supposes that the researcher have already deliberated about his/her project and have allocated substantial time and effort in collecting relevant information, analysing and then structuring his/her ideas. A good research proposal is not a hastened task (Saunders 2006). Therefore, one could think that the research proposal is a subsequent step, after the topic selection. The actual research proposal will specify the analytical question a researcher aims to investigate. The groundwork of a quality research proposal is a viable research problem. Moreover, a quality research proposal has nine components, and each part is essential in a successful presentation. The particular outline and content of the components could differ (Marcoulides 1998). In order to demonstrate what constitutes a quality research proposal it is important to discuss the research components. Above all, the statement of the problem should incorporate a definite and short statement of the objective or purpose of the plan. In a business research proposal, this section is made up of the particular question/s to be studied, a succinct description of the significance of the study, and an account of how the findings will contribute to the present literature (Marcoulides 1998). Second, a good research proposal should indicate the researcher’s analyses of relevant literatures and where particularly his/her investigation stands in that framework. This section has not to be long, though it should be wide-ranging. It should outline the fundamental issues in the literature, emphasise key areas of conflict, and demonstrate a critical

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children Essay

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children - Essay Example 's account matches the other children's testimony Might there be some truth in these testimonies that he judges and lawyers are overlooking Organizations such as the the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have continually stuck to the premise that any memory generated as a result of therapy is based on a lie and should be classified as unintentional lying because the therapist induced it suggested it or guided it. They further state that as part of their training psychiatrists are taught mind control techniques therefore they can implant a memory that was not there and the judges or lawyers would not be able to know the truth when the patient testifies. (Murphy 1997) For most advocates the best defense strategy against these cases is usually to claim the memories of trauma are all in the victims head. With the revelation of this research, defense lawyers can now cite the study. They can then move to file pre-trial motions challenging the reliability of the testimony based on recovered memories hence dismiss its admissibility in court. These motions should be filed early enough so as to dismiss and call for summary judgment. The defense can also seek to offer its own "expert "opinion based on this scientific study to the plaintiff's scientific theories that the brain can avoid or repress traumatic information and remember it later. The defense will further seek to bring forth evidence from published and unpublished studies purporting to demonstrate the existence of "false memory syndrome." And try to justify its existence in that particular child. The defense will also seek to introduce research allegedly showing that the mind can be "implanted" with false memories. Defendants may also try to offer evidence that traumatic events are highly memorable and cannot be repressed. The plaintiff or the Childs legal representative would first seek to crash any motion flied that seeks to scientifically explain the child's state of mind and use it as evidence. Since none of the theories can evaluates and prove a child is capable of repressing memories. Accordingly, the evidence should not be used regardless of scientific reliability because it is irrelevant and cannot assist the jury in coming up with a concrete decision (Bauer 2002). The plaintiff's best approach is to expect this defense strategy and take the first action by filing a motion to exclude the

In class, the stories we learned about talk about sex and violence and Essay

In class, the stories we learned about talk about sex and violence and some sound a lot like Pagan myths. How, a friend asks, can anyone ever believe in the Bible after taking a course like that - Essay Example Imagine how earnest God’s patience was in those times when men were called for a change of heart yet they rather chose to adhere to old wicked ways still. My friend, God is fully aware of every intention, passing thought, and act committed by men heretofore including paganism which was widespread in ancient times, as well as killings, theft, plunder, orgies, and other immoral deeds which were not given detailed account in the Bible. If you read the entire content of the Old Testament text, you would come across events when God spoke directly to religious leaders whom He handpicked himself and human laws rested on unstable grounds so He needed to establish His covenant with the tribes people on a gradual basis through the strengths and gifts of vision bestowed upon their representatives such as in the case of Abraham and Moses. It even came to a point when incest was permitted as at Lot’s time when Lot’s daughters made love with their father for the sake of fulfilling God’s design of expanding humanity in number. God did not immediately destroy the overly sinful cities Sodom and Gomorrah, holding thoughtful consideration if there ever were at least five righteous people in the place, despite the case of widespread homosexuality and prostitution. Sins of men were so great at the time so on further Bible reading, we would typically encounter God’s wrath being mentioned several times and certain accounts where God sent His angels over a particular region that ought to be blotted out due to deliberate transgressions. There is no valid reason thus my friend to lose hope and conviction about God’s word for your faith should reveal that it would still hold true in the generations to come. Our in-depth study in class of the nature of sins occurring in the Old Testament age does not have anything to do with the values

Reflective Journal Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Journal - Literature review Example The major source that I have used for collecting information was ‘Emerald’. It is a large size database of research papers and journal articles. It provides journals and research papers on almost all the topics of business and information technology. One of the major things that I could not do in this research is some kind of original research. I mean, if I would have been given with additional timeline then I would have visited some hotels and hospitality firms to learn how they work and how they make use of information technology to gain benefits. I would have conducted interviews and filled questionnaires. I would have used that data to derive conclusions and on the basis of those conclusions I would have suggested new ideas to improve these trends. However, I will surely perform these steps in next assignments. As the topic is very common so I found a lot of data on this topic. On the other hand, there are numerous research papers which provide the same information s o the selection of papers was a difficult task.

Do Unions Have Any Kind of Future In Australia Essay

Do Unions Have Any Kind of Future In Australia - Essay Example This will be the time to forge a global partnership between developing global partnership between developed and developing countries to ensure that employment growth policies are put in place to put an end to the scourge of our times - increasing unemployment, poverty and inequality' - said ICFTU President Sharan Burrow. The major corporations of the world are hopping around the world seeking the lowest cost worker. The ITES has meant that the developed world will lose more employment opportunities to developing countries where wages are cheap and working conditions can be stringent. The west and the rest of the developed world already troubled with rising unemployment will see a worse future. The 'global workforce' if at all one arises will require more such meetings and negotiations to make things happen - for a better tomorrow. The Unions around the world have emphasised on the need for collective bargaining. They are primarily composed of skilled and semi-skilled workers. But membership figures vary widely with the industry in question. The problem has particularly plagued Australia in sectors such as health because a large number of health workers from the commonwealth countries are present in these sectors. But what do unions do Changes in the structure and nature of work The Unions seek changes in the structure of work so that the work is less monotonous and comfortable to the worker. Further the unions make sure that the working conditions are also ideal. Unions form and people flock to join them for many reasons. They feel that their grievances will be redressed by the collective bargaining power of the unions. Some members also enrol for ideological issues such as the socialist cause and the anti-capitalism campaign. The Webbs defines that unions arose when the great bulk of workers had ceased to be independent producers, themselves controlling the processes, and owning the materials and the product of their labour, and had passed into the condition of life-long wage-earners, possessing neither the instruments of production nor the commodity in its finished state (Webbs, 1920: 25). In the 1920's Perlman stated thatTrade unionism, which is essentially pragmatic, struggles constantly, not only against the employers for an enlarged opportunity measured in income, security, and liberty in the shop and industry, but struggles also, whether consciously or unconsciously, actively or merely passively, against the intellectual who would frame its programs and shape its policies (1928: 5). Allan Flander says of Unions that 'The first and over-riding responsibility of all trade unions is to the welfare of their own members. That is their primary commitment; not to a firm, not to an industry, not to the nation. A union collects its members' contributions and demands their loyalty specifically for the purpose of protecting their interests as they see them, not their alleged 'true' or 'best' interests as

Product Design and Process Selection - Services Essay Example for Free

Product Design and Process Selection Services Essay 1. Identify the operations management problems that Dr. Barr is having at the clinic. Dr, Barr is experiencing several operations problems due to a change in what customers are requesting compared to the services the clinic was designed to offer. The increase in specialized services and the addition of grooming requires a different layout. Not only have the space requirements changed but some non-contact services are being performed in contact areas. Customers are requesting a mix of services but the clinic has not thought about service â€Å"packages†. Finally, the staff is not trained for the new service mix. 2. How would you define the â€Å"service bundle† currently being offered? How is this different from the initial purpose of the clinic? Customers are now requesting a bundle of grooming, examining, and sometimes minor surgical services. The business was originally designed to offer examining and surgical services. Not only do the new demands require additional services but also customers see these as a package. The clinic needs to offer the demanded bundle more seamlessly. 3.Identify the high-contact and low-contact segments of the operation. How should each be managed? The high contact segments include reception and customer waiting. The low contact segments are examining, surgery, and grooming. However, grooming is currently being performed in a high contact area. High contact segments must be performed while the customer is present and in contact. Low contact segments can be performed while the customer is not there, and do not need customer contact. In fact, as the grooming operations demonstrate, customer contact with low contact segments can decrease performance. 4.What should Dr. Barr have done differently to avoid the problems she is currently experiencing? What should she do now? Dr. Barr should have studied the impact of a change in the mix of services offered before she started accepting a significantly different mix. Now she needs to either reject business that is outside of her original plans (probably not what she wants to do) or redesign the clinic to better handle the current mix. The redesign should include a new facilities layout, employee training, and probably attention to the service â€Å"packages† offered.

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay Cesarean delivery is defined as the birth of a fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterine wall . An increase of in the cesarean delivery has been observed worldwide. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that no region in the world is justified in having a cesarean rate greater than 10 to 15%. According to the WHO, cesarean delivery rate of more than 15% is indicative of inappropriate use of resources . According to Department of Health, the Philippines 2006 national cesarean rate is 24%. In Davao Medical Center (DMC), the rate as of 2008 is recorded at 19% as depicted in the OB-Gyne departments annual cesarean review statistics. In the US, most common indication of cesarean section is repeat cesarean which accounts for 35% of all cases as reported by the United States Public Health Service. The rates have been steadily increasing due to a higher number of sections for fetal distress as electronic fetal monitoring has been used extensively for presumed fetal compromise, the many breech presentations delivered abdominally as well as the increasing acceptability of cesarean delivery by maternal request. Before the 1970s, deliveries by cesarean section were considered as an indication for cesarean section in the subsequent pregnancies, reflecting a concern that uterine scar tissue might rupture during labor. However, in the 1980s, the dictumonce a cesarean, always a cesarean, espoused by Craigin (1916) was revised in many countries, and a trial of labor in women with history of cesarean section was proposed as an attempt to reduce cesarean section rates. However, an apparent increase in the incidence of uterine rupture and concern about maternal and fetal safety have challenged the choice of vaginal delivery in women having a scarred uterus. As a consequence, clinicians are increasingly being faced in deciding the mode of delivery in pregnant women whose first delivery was by cesarean section. This scenario has also been observed in the Philippine setting. DMC, as a specific case, recorded increasing cesarean deliveries accounting to a third of all deliveries for 2008, of which, 11.53% for repeat CS while 19.8% for primary CS. In contrast, Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Section is a measly 1.2% of the total deliveries for 2008. This is due to the fact that patients who underwent VBAC were admitted for imminent delivery. Majority of these patients were not prepared during their prenatal visits and were unaware of the complications and risks of VBAC. The confounding reason of such practice is primarily economics: the high cost of undergoing an elective CS delivery as compared with the cost of vaginal delivery. These patients would rather risk undergoing VBAC without the benefit of intrapartum monitoring specifically for those attempting to deliver at lying-in clinics or at home. Based on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) study, the incidence of uterine rupture is low at .2-.7% (Landon,2006). But despite its low incidence, ACOG guidelines on VBACS specifically mentioned that VBAC be performed in an institution where an obstetric, anesthesia, pediatric, and operating-room staff is available. This scenario provided impetus for the conceptualization of this study which is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of repeat C-section patients and their willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section at DMC. Review of Related Literature In 2004, the number of C-sections had reached an all-time high, accounting for 29% of all births or 1 million babies (National Center for Health Statistics). This is despite the convention that vaginal delivery is associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality as compared with repeat cesarean section (Chauhan, 2004). For example, observational studies data from around 90,000 deliveries, have shown an increased risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity among term infants delivered by caesarean section (3.5-3.7%) compared with vaginal birth (0.5-1.4%). The following maternal risks significantly increase with increasing number of repeated caesarean deliveries: placenta accreta, injury to bladder, bowel or ureter, ileus, the need for postoperative ventilation, intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, blood transfusion requiring four or more units and the duration of operative time and hospital stay (Russen et. al. 2004). Moreover, authors speculated that a prolonged inter-pregnancy interval may allow time for the previous cesarean delivery scar to reach its maximal tensile strength before the scar undergoes the mechanical stress and strain with a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy (Shipp et. al., 2000). Menacker et al. (2006) noted that cesarean rates fell between 1991 and 1996, and then began to rise rapidly. In 2004, over 29% of all births were by cesarean section. The rise in both the total and repeat cesarean rate has been widespread for women of all ages, races, medical indications, and for all infant gestational ages. The study also noted steep decrease in VBAC rate from 1996 to 2004 (see Figure 1). From this trend, the authors opined that the influence of recent medical opinion discouraging VBAC has had a strong effect on practice patterns, and had led to greater uniformity as well as a large increase in repeat cesarean deliveries by 2003. Figure 1 (Source: Menacker et al. pp. 236) The dramatic increase in cesarean sections over the past two decades has been significantly driven by repeat C-sections. In response, clinical guidelines recommending vaginal birth after cesarean-section (VBACS) have been promulgated by international organizations from different countries such as the United States, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and Australia. It is construed that adherence to these guidelines would reduce the number of repeat C-sections, lower the overall C-section rate and improve both the quality and the cost of health care. While these guidelines have received professional endorsement, their implementation has been clouded by issues of patient acceptance and provider payment. Neff (2004) discussed the risks and benefits of VBAC. Successful VBAC generally is associated with shorter maternal hospitalizations, fewer infections, less blood loss and fewer transfusions, and fewer thromboembolic events than cesarean delivery. However, a failed trial of labor may be associated with major maternal complications, such as hysterectomy, uterine rupture, operative injury, increased maternal infection, need for transfusion, and neonatal morbidity. Multiple cesarean deliveries are associated with an increased risk of placenta previa and accreta. With VBAC (Landon, 2004), the incidence of maternal death is extremely low. The incidence of perinatal death is less than 1 percent, and is more likely to occur during a trial of labor than an elective repeat cesarean delivery. Uterine rupture during a trial of labor after a previous cesarean delivery is a life-threatening complication directly associated with attempted VBAC. The patients obstetric history influences the risk of uterine rupture. A previous vaginal birth significantly reduces the risk of uterine rupture. Also, the longer the length of time between deliveries, the lower the risk of rupture. Women who attempt VBAC who have interdelivery intervals of less than 24 months have a two- to three-fold increased risk of uterine rupture compared with women whose interdelivery interval is more than 24 months. A study conducted Hopkins and Potter (1998) on C-sections patients in Brazil concluded that while many women fear the pain associated with childbirth and the consequences of a vaginal birth for the baby, they do not clamor for C-section delivery. Obstetricians were observed to have overplayed these fears to their advantage thereby overly estimating safety of C-section delivery. In fact, it has become a routine practice and is considered as safe or safer than a vaginal delivery. The study further documented that majority of first-time mothers in public and private hospitals wanted to deliver vaginally and considered vaginal birth superior in terms of recuperation. A majority believed that vaginal delivery does not have effect to their or their partners sexual life. Though majority was found to have considered normal childbirth more painful than a cesarean, but most also believed a cesarean causes a lot pain after the delivery. Less than 33% agreed that a cesarean is safer for the baby and less than 20% of women agreed that a C-section is safer for the woman. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are twofold: To come up with a profile of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) towards vaginal birth after C-section (VBACS) among repeat C-section patients Determine whether the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS Statement of the Problem This present study seeks answers to the following questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and practices about VBACS? What is the frequency distribution of the respondents in terms of their willingness to undergo VBACS? Do the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their acceptance to undergo VBAC in their next delivery? Does counseling about VBACS affect the respondents willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section? Conceptual framework It is hypothesized that the KAPs of the respondents toward VBAC significantly influence their willingness to deliver vaginally after having experienced C-section in their previous delivery. Significance of the Study The most common reason that a C-section is performed is that the woman has had a prior C-section delivery. DMC is not spared from the increasing trend of repeat C-section rate. Since vaginal delivery is undoubtedly associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, not to mention, medical supplies and other hospital resources, there is a need to find ways in order to reduce repeat C-section rate in DMC. DMC, a tertiary and referral hospital in the Southern Mindanao Region, has no available data on KAPs of women towards VBACS. Thus, the range information that this investigation will generate could provide baseline information that can be used to design appropriate interventions aimed at reducing the overall C-section rate in the institution. One of which is by counseling and encouraging patients to undergo VBACS. One of the significant risks when considering VBACS is uterine rupture because it has been the belief and fear of many repeat cesarean patients that a previously scarred uterus is too weak to withstand trial of labor hence discouraging them from going into VBACS. The information that would be gathered from this study would be of help in counseling repeat C-section patients ante-nataly and post-nataly to enable them to plan their preferred spacing intervals for the subsequent pregnancies. This is because women with prior C-section birth is considered high risk and so to optimizing maternal well being and healthcare. Moreover, data about the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients who had prior CS birth on VBACS would be of help to assess the level of acceptance of these patients and hopefully allay their fears thereby coming up with the best informed choice. Lastly, the results of the investigation could spur future research in the subject VBACS. Dependent Variable The willingness of the respondents to undergo vaginal birth after cesarean section in their next delivery Independent Variables The profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitude and practices towards vaginal birth after cesarean section. MethodOLOGY Design A descriptive cross-sectional survey design would be employed to address the research questions. Setting Outpatient department of the OB clinic in Davao Medical Center Respondents and Sampling All patients who had a prior C-section birth seen at the high risk clinic of the DMC OB OPD will be included in the sampling frame from February to April 2010. The sample size will be determined using the model , where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the margin of error. Inclusion Criteria All patients who had a prior CS birth will be included in the study. Exclusion Criteria Patients who will not give their consent will be excluded from participating. Data Extraction The questionnaire will be pilot tested among ten patients with previous CS at the DMC OB OPD. A structured survey form will be used for gathering data about the respondents KAPs towards VBACS and their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery (see Attachment 1). The principal investigator (PI) will conduct a one-on-one administration of the survey form. Prior to gathering information pertinent to the questions in the survey, informed consent (see Attachment 2) will be secured by the PI. After data gathering, the principal investigator will counsel the respondents about VBACS, its indication and absolute contraindication, complications and the VBACS ACOG guidelines. A post-test question will be done on their willingness to undergo VBACS after being counseled. Ethical Consideration Approval from the hospital ethics committee will be sought before the study will be conducted. After thoroughly discussing the nature, methodology and objectives of the study to the respondent, a written consent will be asked from each participating patient. Data Analysis The KAPs of the respondents towards VBACS will be profiled using descriptive statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distribution. Their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery before and after counseling about VBACS will also be described using frequency and percentage distribution. Logistic regression analysis will be used to determine whether or not the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS. Time Frame The study will be conducted in February-April 2010. Budget Materials: 10,000.00 Miscellaneous: 8,000.00 Total: 18,000.00

Ethical Challenges in Consent to Research Participation

Ethical Challenges in Consent to Research Participation Belmont Report (basic principles underlying the ethical challenges): Autonomy respect for persons beneficence justice [AS1]What should participants understand to understand they are participants in research? (Wendler et al. 2008). In order for a participant to give valid consent, the PIL at minimum should include 20 elements as detailed out in section 4.8.10 of ICH GCP guidelines so that comprehensive information is provided to them. The CIOMS guideline lists 26 essential elements to informed consent. Hence, this question encompasses one of the major ethical challenges faced during the consenting process. According to participants perspective, is all the information included in the PIL relevant to their decision-making? It is often noticed in practice that participants feel overwhelmed by the information provided to them, and as a consequence they skim over information which they feel is not applicable or relevant to them. But then the next question arises, what about the elements that are considered non-relevant by the patient? Does it contain important information which the patients would otherwise be missing out on? As result it is unclear as to what should be the adequate content of the PILs to satisfy the needs of the patient and delivering the minimum sufficient (encompassing all perspectives) information at the same time. Failure to find a balance in this respect might undermine the validity of potential participants consent is it as informed consent or not? Fortun et al. 2008 noted that participant recall and understanding of clinical trial information was poor despite a comprehensive 13 page PIL. A systematic review also highlighted that providing patients with more information results in lower participation rates (Edwards et al. 1998) To determine what information potential participants need to understand in order to give valid informed consent, it is useful to identify the purpose or justification for requiring consent in the first place. Once we answer this question, we can then determine what information individuals need to realize this purpose or goal (Wendler et al. 2008). Informed consent serves at least two purposes. First, the requirement for informed consent allows competent individuals to understand whether participation in research is consistent with their interests. Second, informed consent allows individuals to decide for themselves whether they will enrol in the study in question. For this purpose, potential participants should be provided with the information they want to decide whether to enrol in the study, which goes back to our earlier challenge of the content of consent. Not[AS2] just the content of PIL, but the quality of its content should also come under ethical scrutiny. Both the content and its quality together will help the patient to make a reasoned choice. In order to truly understand something, one must exercise two capacities (which together constitute the meaning of decisional capacity in healthcare) the capacity to understand the meaning of the information provided, and the capacity to appreciate the relevance of this information to ones own situation and come to a decision [Iltis, 2006, 181]. In terms of the actual words used in PIL, the complexity of the technical language in which consent forms are written remains a problem, though this can easily be remedied. (Macklin). But its not just that. Its even the simple terms like describing research using other terms, for example, explaining that the project involves a study or a clinical trial, seems unlikely to help those who do not already understand research. For example, a potential participant understands the studys risks, potential benefits, procedures, and alternatives. What else should the patient understand to understand that the project in which they are being invited to participate involves research? And what additional information should investigators disclose to help them understand this fact? Another facet to this linguistic challenge is when considering translation to local (or regional language). For example, some languages do not include a word for research. Does it follow, as some commentators speculate, that these individuals cannot understand that a study involves research, hence, may not be able to provide valid informed consent? At the other extreme, explaining every aspect of clinical research seems impractical, if not impossible. Understanding the history of clinical research and its abuses alone might require a lifetime of study. Between the insufficiently minimalist and impossibly maximalist extremes lie many questions, and the need for guidance. Must investigators disclose and must potential participants understand the scientific design of the study? Do they need to understand that the study is phase I, and how that differs from phase II and phase III studies? Too much information can be as bad as too little; both tend to interfere with the ability of research participants to grasp what is relevant Macklin et al. After the information has been provided, the next question is, has the information been received? As Nijhawan et al. states, it is very difficult to evaluate a participants viewpoint about trial since there is no established method to measure the level of understanding that a participant has about the information given. There are various factors involved in this. A participants level of understanding would be affected by a degree of misunderstanding that can occur because of incorrect or inadequate language translations as well as their level of education. (Ferguson, 2002) The national and international guidelines state that the comprehension of PIL should be accessible to a 12 year old. However, only 50% of patients feel that the provided information is clear and concise, with many patients having to read the document numerous times to gain a grasp of the medical terms contained within the PIL. There is also considerable debate about patients perception of the goal of research, which is termed as Therapeutic Misconception in an article by Appelbaum et al. It states that a further difficulty arises from the failure to distinguish between experimental research and therapeutic medicine in the context of clinical research. Surveys have shown that many patients who are enrolled as subjects develop the misconception that the goal of the research is a therapeutic one, and they agree to be enrolled in the often unrealistic hope that they will benefit directly from participation in the study which yet again undermines the validity of informed consent. Another [AS3]related difficulty involves the widespread variation in subjects comprehension and appreciation of the nature of risk. The Belmont Report reminds investigators that they have responsibility for ensuring that the subject has comprehended the information provided to them, and that the obligation to ascertain that the subject has adequately understood the nature of the risk entailed by the research increases in proportion to the seriousness of the risk (Section C). Studies have shown that most adults have a limited ability to think in terms of probabilities and to appreciate risk, even when steps are taken to enhance their understanding [Iltis, 2006, 181, 185]. It is generally agreed that the amount of information provided should be based on the typical reasonable adults understanding of risk, although there is much disagreement about how to define this, given that interpretations of both linguistic and numerical ways of expressing the possibility of risk vary considerably, as does the amount of risk different people are willing to assume. Moreover, what might be risky for one person, it necessarily wont be the same for another. While the investigator can provide the prospective participant with scientific data relating to types and probability of risk in order to assist her in making a decision, it is the value they attach to risk which will ultimately determine whether or not they chooses to participate. Thus great care has to be taken to ens ure that research risks and potential adverse events are presented to prospective participants as unambiguously as possible. Then [AS4]again there are problems relating to research involving vulnerable populations, some of whom may have diminished or impaired mental capacity and may not be capable of providing consent at all. (Macklin) A balance needs to be established between the obligation to protect more vulnerable or less autonomous research participants, on one hand, and, on the other, the need to conduct research involving minors and persons with reduced mental capacity in order to provide these populations with access to results or interventions which may benefit them clinically. Persons with diminished mental capacity and children who have not yet reached decisional maturity should not be automatically denied the benefits of medical research, but neither should they be excluded without justification from decisions made about whether or not they become involved in research. What is crucial is that additional safeguards be put in place to ensure that these groups are protected from exploitation, in particular while explaining the nature of the research when obtaining their consent. Where this is not possible, and it is felt that the research has sufficient clinical value to proceed, stringent requirements f or obtaining proxy or surrogate consent should be put in place. Consent forms should reflect this need for additional protection. [task article] Given the current socio-legal research environment, it is difficult to know whether, in practice, researchers and research review bodies err in overestimating or underestimating the decisional capacities of persons with mental illness. Either type of systematic error can be costly. Allowing persons with mental illness to participate on the basis of defective consent would violate the most basic ethical tenets governing human research and can amount to exploitation. Yet, by erring too much in the other direction-that is, by overemphasizing the vulnerabilities of persons with mental illness-researchers and review bodies could unfairly exclude competent individuals with mental illness from opportunities to participate in research. The ethical costs of excluding willing individuals with mental illness from participating in research are not sufficiently emphasized. Unjustified exclusion from research, however well intended, is a form of discrimination. Moreover, in the abse nce of adequate research on the most severe forms of mental illness, individuals with these illnesses are relegated to receiving treatments for which there is only inferential evidence of efficacy. For these reasons, a major ethical challenge for psychiatrists and other professionals engaged in mental illness research is to develop ethical principles and practices for selecting research participants that ensure proper respect and protection without reinforcing incorrect assumptions about individuals with mental disorders. Another major ethical challenge faced during obtaining consent is assessing the patients voluntariness. Macklin et al. paper questions, can the complete voluntariness of patients decisions to participate in research always be guaranteed, especially when the person conducting the research is the patients own physician? Objective of a researcher is to perform systematic investigations involving human beings to develop generalizable knowledge whereas as a practitioner their focus is on diagnosing and treating the illness in individual or group to meet their health needs. So an interesting, albeit ethical, dilemma arises. Should the physician fulfil their sole obligation of focusing on the well-being of the patient, yet in the context of trial conduct, the physician (now an investigator) has competing obligation to generate high quality data. The trial distracts from good personal care. Declaration of Helsinki 2000 Article 28 says: The physician may combine medical research with medical care, only to the extent that the research is justified by its potential prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic value. When medical research is combined with medical care, additional standards apply to protect the patients who are research subjects. [macklin] There are problems concerning the way research is presented to patients who are potential subjects when the investigator is faced with such a dual role. When researchers are also clinicians caring for their patients, they face a conflict of interest that is non-financial. The need to accrue a sufficient number of patients in a study could affect the way a researcher conducts the informed consent process. Patients tend to trust their doctors, even when the intervention is research rather than a treatment proven to be effective. Practically in such a situation, patients often rely on the responsible doctor for decisions about whether to take part in a research study, the treatment available and its associated risks, despite the information available in the PIL [Bjorn et. Al, 1999] Hence, a sense of patience and training as a researcher is required from the investigators end. Investigators should receive education in research ethics that addresses rules and norms governing research; sensitivity to ethical implications of decisions and actions; and skills in ethical problem solving, including ascertainment and disclosure of conflicts of interest. [task article] Conclusion: Informed Consent is not enough. There are multi-factorial challenges to this single concept. With subject populations that are mostly medically naive and for whom the whole concept of clinical research and the umpteen terms and concepts associated with it are alien; the true essence of an informed and autonomous decision is fundamentally lost. The consent process thus gets reduced to mainly a narration-followed-by-signature process. Over the last few years, this gap in principles and practices of ethics and consent has been acknowledged and innovative concepts and attempts are being fostered, to make the informed consent process more ethical. Pranati et al. [AS1]Information Overload [AS2]Language Barrier [AS3]Comprehension and perception [AS4]Vulnerable patients

Dreams Essay -- science

Dreams A dream is a hope, a wish, and an aspiration. People have dreams about what they want to be when they grow up and what they want their children’s future to be (like). Not all of these dreams come true, though. Even if you work really hard and put your heart into it, there is no guarantee that you will fulfill your dream. â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred†(Hughes)? Langston Hughes, author of the poem, a When something is deferred, it is put off until a later date; in other words, postponed. The cherry blossoms can be deferred due to a sudden freeze, and a surgery can be deferred because of complications. A deferred dream is put on the â€Å"back burner of life†, and it matures to its full potential, and is waiting when you are â€Å"ready to pursue it†. The important idea is that the deferred event, though later than hoped for, eventually comes true. Dreams are a significant component of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†; the word â€Å"dream† is used a total of fourteen times throughout the play. Mama, from â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, experienced a â€Å"dream deferred† (Hughes). Mamas dreams were for the happiness of her children, and a new house. She and her husband Big Walter put everything they had into getting that house â€Å"with a little garden in the back† (Hansberry). When she gets the insurance payment after her husbands death and puts money down on a house in Clybourne Park, she is ecstatic. The dream was deferred many times. She and Big Walter simply didn’t have the money to purchase...

Social Service Program :: essays research papers

OVERVIEW YPSS must develop a strategy to use the state-funded grant of $100,000. Three proposals for the use of these funds have been drafted. Each project is broken down by requirements, benefits, and costs. The information was gathered through research of community desires and evaluation of the feasibility of these desires. Programs of similar shelters were also examined to determine the approximate costs and benefits of each project. This report presents the details of the proposals along with looking at what the local community wishes to see implemented. The YPSS committee can use this report to determine which of these projects is in the best interests of YPSS and the youths that YPSS serves. CRISIS HOTLINE PROJECT YPSS has been considering this project for approximately 18 months. Until now, YPSS did not have the funding needed to implement such a project. The project costs a total of $78,000. Following is a breakdown of the total cost, along with the start-up costs ongoing funding will be required. Salaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $36,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training/Recruitment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 8,000 Technical Services  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $14,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 5,000 Promotional Campaign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $15,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $78,000 The program involves the set-up of two toll-free telephone lines in a currently vacant backroom office in our main office. Training of three new part-time employees would be necessary. These new employees would be responsible for recruiting and training volunteers from the local community to operate the crisis lines. The hotline will be open 24 hours a day, and would be used primarily by teenagers across the state. Any person in any crisis (i.e. potential runaways, abuse victims, etc.) will have access to the hotline. Implementation of the project would take approximately 6 – 8 months. This time is what is needed for the project to get off the ground. This includes the hiring, training, recruitment of volunteers, etc. Any tangible results would most likely not be seen for 12 – 15 months, or longer. The project is a natural step beyond the two current runaway shelters and the addictions recovery program. These programs have been extremely successful thus far, and the hotline would add an additional side to YPSS that would benefit everyone. ADDITIONS TO RUNAWAY SHELTER #1 This is a project that has been proposed by the counseling staff at youth shelter #1 (called â€Å"Moore House†) within the last three months. The project costs about $95,000. Following is a breakdown of the total cost. In addition, the only continuing costs would be maintaining the salary of the full-time night counselor. Salaries/Training  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $24,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 3,000

The Return: Midnight Chapter 27

Stefan whirled around and saw Bonnie, with only a towel wrapped around her, trying to physical y restrain Elena, who was similarly clad. Elena's hair was wet and uncombed. Something had caused her to leap out of the bathing pool and run directly into the corridor. Stefan was surprised by Damon's reaction. Was that a spark of alarm in the endlessly dark eyes that had remained impassive watching a thousand disasters, calamities, cruelties? No, it couldn't be. But it certainly looked like one. Elena was getting closer. Her voice rang out clearly through the hal way, which was spacious enough to give it a slight echo. â€Å"Damon! I see you! You wait right there – I'm coming to kill you! â€Å" This time the flicker was unmistakable. Damon glanced at the window, which was partly open. Meanwhile Bonnie had lost the fight and Elena was running like a gazel e toward the office. Her eyes, however, were definitely not doe-like. Stefan saw them glitter dangerously as Elena herself eluded him – mainly because he didn't dare grab her by the towel, and every other part of her was slippery. Elena was now facing Damon, who had risen from his chair. â€Å"How could you?†she cried. â€Å"Using Bonnie like that – Influencing her, drugging her – al to get at what didn't belong to you! Using almost al the Power that was left in Misao's star bal – what did you think Shinichi would do when you did that? He came after us, that's what he did – and who knows if the boardinghouse is Stillstanding?† Damon opened his mouth, but Elena wasn't finished. â€Å"And then to bring Bonnie to the Dark Dimension with you – I don't care if you didn't want to waste opening the Gate or not. You knew you shouldn't be taking her here.† Damon was angry now. â€Å"I – â€Å" But Elena cut him off without even hesitating. â€Å"Then once you drag her here you abandon her. You leave her terrified, alone, in a room where she's not even al owed to look out of the window, with a col ection of star bal s that you don't even bother to examine – but which are completely unsuitable and give her nightmares! You – â€Å" â€Å"If the little dolt had just had the sense to wait quietly – â€Å" â€Å"What? What did you say? â€Å" â€Å"I said, if the little dolt had just had the sense – â€Å" Stefan, who was already on the move, shut his eyes briefly. He opened them again in time to see the slap and to feel Elena putting al her Power into it. It snapped Damon's head around. What astonished him – even though he positioned himself precisely in case of it – was to see Damon's hand flash up as quick as a cobra's strike. There was no fol ow-through, but Stefan had already picked Elena up bodily and pul ed her back out of range. â€Å"Let go!†Elena cried, struggling to get out of Stefan's arms, or at least get her feet on the ground. â€Å"I'm going to kill him!† The next astonishing thing – discontinuing the raw fury that Stefan could feel coursing through Elena's aura – was that Elena was actual y winning the struggle, despite the fact that he was orders of magnitude stronger than she was. Part of it had to do with the towel, which was threatening to drop at any moment. The other part was that Elena had acquired a unique style of fighting stronger opponents – at least those with any conscience. She deliberately threw herself against any point at which it would hurt her to restrain her, and she didn't give up. Eventual y he was going to have to choose between injuring her and letting her go. At that moment, however, Elena stopped moving. She froze, head turned as she looked behind him. Stefan glanced backward too, and felt an electrical shock shoot through him. Bonnie was standing directly behind them, looking at Damon, her lips parted in anguish, tears in her wide brown eyes and streaming down her cheeks. Instantly, even before he could register Elena's pleading glance, Stefan released her. He understood: Her mood and the dynamics of this situation had just been turned upside down. Elena adjusted her towel and turned to Bonnie, but by then Bonnie was running away down the corridor. Elena's longer strides al owed her to reach Bonnie in a moment and she caught the smal er girl and held her, not so much by force as by sisterly magnetism. â€Å"Don't worry about that snake, â€Å"Elena's voice came back to them clearly, as it was obviously meant to. â€Å"He's a – â€Å"And here Elena indulged in some very creative cursing. Stefan could hear al of it distinctly and noticed that it broke off into tiny hushing sounds just as Elena turned into the door of the bathing salon. Stefan glanced sideways at Damon. He didn't mind fighting his brother in the least right now; he was ful of rage himself on behalf of Bonnie. But Damon ignored him as if he were part of the wal paper, staring at nothing with an expression of icy fury. At that moment Stefan heard a faint sound from the farthest end of the corridor, which was quite a distance away. But his vampire senses informed him that surely the person in front was a woman of consequence, probably their hostess. He stepped forward so that at least she could be greeted by someone who was wearing clothing. However, at the last moment, Elena and Bonnie appeared in front of him, clad in dresses – gowns, rather – that were both casual and works of genius. Elena's was an informal robe of deep lapis blue, with her hair drying into a soft golden mass around her shoulders. Bonnie was wearing something shorter and lighter: pale violet, shot with threads of silver in no particular pattern. Both outfits, Stefan grasped suddenly, would look as good in the interminable sunlight as in a closed room with no windows and gas lamps. He remembered the stories Elena had told about Lady Ulma designing gowns for her, and he realized that whatever else his hostess might be, she was truly a genius couturier. And then Elena was running, dainty gold sandals flying, and Bonnie's silver slippers were fol owing and Stefan began to run too, fearing some unknown danger. They al arrived at the far end of the hal way at the same time, and Stefan saw that the woman standing there was dressed even more splendidly than the girls. She was wearing a deep red raw silk gown with a heavy diamond-and-ruby necklace and ring – but no bracelets. The next minute the girls were both curtseying, deep, graceful curtseys. Stefan made his best bow. Lady Ulma held out both hands to Elena, who seemed to be almost frantic over something that Stefan didn't understand. Elena took the extended hands, breathing quickly and shal owly. â€Å"Lady Ulma – you're so thin – â€Å" Just then the babbling of a baby could be heard. Elena's face lit up and she smiled at Lady Ulma, letting out a quick breath. A young servant – even younger-looking than Bonnie – gently put a tiny bundle made of lace and sheerest lawn into Lady Ulma's arms. Both Elena and Bonnie blinked away tears, al the while beaming at the child and making little nonsense noises. Stefan could understand that – they'd known the Lady since she was a whip-torn slave, trying not to miscarry. â€Å"But how – ?†Elena began spluttering. â€Å"We saw you only a few days ago, but this baby is months old – â€Å" â€Å"A few days? Is that how long it seems to you?†asked Lady Ulma. â€Å"To us, it has been many months. But the magic Stillworks, Elena! Your magic remained! It was an easy delivery – easy! And then Dr. Meggar says that you saved me before she suffered injury from the abuse I went through. She is trying to speak already! It is you, Elena, it is your magic!† At this the Lady made a movement as if to kneel at Elena's feet. She got no farther than a few inches, though, because Elena caught her hands, crying, â€Å"Lady Ulma, no!†while Stefan, at his best speed, slipped beside the girl servant and caught the Lady by her elbows, supporting her weight. â€Å"And I'm not magic,†Elena added. â€Å"Stefan, tel her that I'm not magic.† Obediently, Stefan leaned toward the ear of the tal woman. â€Å"Elena is the most magic I've ever encountered,†he stage-whispered. â€Å"She has Powers that I can't even understand.† â€Å"Ahh!† Elena made a wordless exclamation of frustration. â€Å"Do you know what I'm naming her?†the Lady continued. Her face, if not conventional y beautiful, was striking, with an aristocratic combination of Roman nose and high cheekbones. â€Å"No.†Elena smiled – and then â€Å"No!†Elena cried. â€Å"Please! Don't condemn her to a life of expectations and terror. Don't tempt anyone to hurt her while she's Stilla child. Oh, Lady Ulma!† â€Å"But my dear savior†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then Elena began to manage things. Once she took a situation in hand there was no way not to go with the flow of it. â€Å"Lady Ulma,†she said clearly, â€Å"forgive me for interfering in your affairs. But Bonnie has told me – â€Å"She stopped, hesitated. â€Å"Of the troubles of strong and hopeful young girls, for the most part poor or enslaved, who have taken on the names of the three bravest young women who ever graced our world,†Lady Ulma finished for her. â€Å"Something like that,†Elena said, flushing. â€Å"Nobody's cal ing themselves Damon,†put in the young nurse cheerful y and with the utmost goodwil . â€Å"Neither boys nor girls.† Stefan could have kissed her. â€Å"Oh, Lakshmi!†Elena hugged the coltish-looking teenager. â€Å"I didn't even see you properly. Let me look at you.†She held the girl at arm's length. â€Å"Do you know, you've grown at least an inch since I last saw you?† Lakshmi beamed. Elena turned back to Lady Ulma. â€Å"Yes, I am afraid for the child. Why not cal her Ulma?† The patrician lady half shut her eyes. â€Å"Because, my dear Elena, Helena, Aliena, Al iana, Laynie, El a – I would not wish ‘Ulma'on anyone, much less my lovely daughter.† â€Å"Why not cal her Adara?†Lakshmi put in suddenly. â€Å"I always thought that was pretty, since I was a kid.† There was a silence – almost a stunned silence. Then Elena said, â€Å"Adara – it's a lovely name.† â€Å"And not at alldangerous,†Bonnie said. Stefan said, â€Å"It wouldn't stop her from starting a revolution if she wanted to.† There was a pause. Everyone looked at Damon, who was looking out the window expressionlessly. Everyone waited. He final y turned. â€Å"Oh, excel ent,†he said blankly, clearly having no idea – and less interest – in what they were talking about. â€Å"Oh come on, Damon.†Bonnie's eyes were Stillswol en, but she spoke brightly. â€Å"Make it unanimous! That way Lady Ulma wil be sure.†Good God, Stefan thought, she must be the most forgiving girl in the universe. â€Å"Certainly, then,†Damon said indifferently. â€Å"Forgive us,†Elena said tightly to the room in general. â€Å"We've all been going through a bit of a hard time.† That gave Lady Ulma her cue. â€Å"Of course you have,†she said, smiling the smile of one who has known bitter suffering. â€Å"Bonnie has told us of the destruction of your town. I am deeply sorry. What you need now is food and rest. I'l have someone conduct you to your rooms.† â€Å"I should have introduced Stefan at the start, but I was so worried I forgot to,†Elena said. â€Å"Stefan, this is Lady Ulma, who was so good to us before. Lady Ulma – Well, you know who this is.†She went on tiptoe to kiss Stefan lingeringly. Lingeringly enough that Stefan had to gently detach her and put her down. He was almost frightened at this display of bad manners. Elena was really angry at Damon. And if she didn't forgive him, the scenes would only continue to escalate – and if he was right, Elena was truly getting closer to being able to cast Wings of Destruction. He didn't even consider asking Damon to forgive anyone. After the girls had whispered raptures over the baby again, they were conducted to opulent bed chambers, each furnished in excel ent taste, down to the smal est decoration. As usual, though, they al congregated in one room, which happened to be Stefan's. There was more than enough space on the bed for the three of them to sit or flop. Damon wasn't present but Stefan would bet his undead life that he was listening in. â€Å"All right,†Elena said briskly, and went into storytel ing mode. She explained to Bonnie everything that had happened through their taking the Master Keys from Shinichi and Misao, to their flight to Lady Ulma's bathing chamber. â€Å"To have so much Power suddenly torn away from you in an instant†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Bonnie had her head down, and it wasn't hard to guess who she was thinking about. She looked up. â€Å"Please, Elena. Don't be so angry at Damon. I know he's done some bad things – but he's been so unhappy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"That's no excuse,†Elena began. â€Å"And, frankly, I'm – â€Å" Don't, Elena! Don't tell her that you're ashamed of her for putting up with it! She's already ashamed of herself! â€Å"I'm surprised at him,†Elena said with only the smal est hesitation. â€Å"I know for a fact that he cares for you. He even has a pet name for you: his little redbird.† Bonnie sniffed. â€Å"You always say that pet names are stupid.† â€Å"Well, but I meant names like – oh – if he cal ed you ‘Bonbon'or something.† Bonnie's head came up. â€Å"Even that would be okay for the baby,†she said, with a sudden smile, like a rainbow after a storm. â€Å"Oh, yes, isn't she adorable? I never saw such a happy baby. Margaret used to just look at you with big eyes. Adara – if she is Adara – should have such a happy life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Stefan settled back against the headboard. Elena had the situation in hand. Now he could worry about where Damon was going. After a moment he tuned back in, to find Bonnie talking about treasure. â€Å"And they kept asking me and asking me and I couldn't figure out why since the star bal with the story on it was right there. Only the story is gone now – Damon checked. Shinichi was going to throw me out the window, and that was when Damon rescued me, and the Guardians asked me about the story too.† â€Å"Strange,†Stefan said, sitting up alertly. â€Å"Bonnie, tel me how you first felt this story; where you were and al .† Bonnie said, â€Å"Well, first I saw a story about a little girl named Marit going to buy a sugarplum – that was why I tried to do the same thing the next day. And then I went to bed, but I couldn't sleep. So then I picked up the star bal again and it showed me the story about the kitsune treasures. The stories are shown in order, so it had to be the one right after the sweetshop story. And then suddenly I was out of my body, and I was flying with Elena right over Alaric's car.† â€Å"Did you do anything in between experiencing the story and going to bed?†Stefan asked. Bonnie thought; her rosebud mouth pursed. â€Å"I suppose I turned down the gas lamp. Every night I would turn the lamp way down so that it was only a flicker.† â€Å"And did you turn it back up again when you couldn't sleep and reached for the star bal again?† â€Å"Um†¦no. But they're not books! You don't have to see to experience a story.† â€Å"That wasn't what I meant. How did you find the star bal in that dim room? Was it the only star bal on the floor near you?† Bonnie's brows came together. â€Å"Well †¦no. There were twenty-six. Two others were hideous; I'd kicked those into a corner. Twenty-five were soap operas – so boring. It's not as if I had shelves or anywhere else to put them – â€Å" â€Å"Bonnie, do you want to know what I think happened?† Bonnie blinked and nodded. â€Å"I think that you read a children's story and then you went to bed. And you actual y fel asleep very quickly, even though you dreamed you were awake. Then you dreamed a premonition – â€Å" Bonnie groaned. â€Å"Another one of those? But there wasn't even anyone to tel it to then!† â€Å"Exactly. But you wanted to tel it to someone, and that longing brought you – your spirit – to where Elena was. But Elena was so worried about getting word across to Alaric that she was having an out-of-body experience. She'd been asleep too, I'm sure of it.†Stefan looked at Elena. â€Å"What do you think of that?†

Bio Architecture Research Paper

THE PONTIFICAL AND ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS College of Architecture DESIGN 1 Research Paper July 17, 2012 1. Biotecture †¢ Biotecture is the term used to define architecture that is influenced by biology. Biotecture makes use of organic materials such as plants, minerals, and organisms. In biotecture, nature itself is the ideal architectural construct. 2. Sustainable Architecture †¢ Sustainable means something that can be maintained at a certain rate or level. It can also be upheld and defended. Sustainable architecture is the term used to describe architectural designs that have environmentally conscious techniques.In sustainable architecture, the following aspects of building should be considered: atmosphere, longevity, energy, interface, and equity. 3. Zoomorphic †¢ Zoomorphic is the adjective form of the noun zoomorphism, which means â€Å"the use of animal forms in symbolism, literature, or graphic†. Following this definition, zoomorphic architecture is a new wave of contemporary architectural designs based on animals. In some designs, the animal stands as a symbol while in other structures, the design shares some elements of an animal in a more functional manner. 4. Biomorphic Biomorphic architecture is the architecture that has the form of a living organism. Biomorphic architecture uses nature as a model, and designs that are influenced by the structural principles and decorative motifs found in nature. 5. Nanoarchitecture †¢ Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Given this definition, nanoarchitecture is the integration of nanotechnology in architecture. Nanotechnology can be integrated into architecture by the use of nano-products, nano-materials, nano-telecommunication, or even nano-shapes. . Biomimicry †¢ Biomimicry simply means to imitate life. This is a new discipline that studies nature’s best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. Architecture that involves biomimicry is the architecture wherein the designs are inspired by nature. 7. Biomimetic Design †¢ Biomimetic Designs are biomimicry. These designs mimic biologic structure and processes. In scaffold design, biomimetic refers to scaffolds that copy bone structure and function. 8. Organic Architecture The great architect Frank Lloyd Wright was the first person to use the term Organic Architecture. Organic architecture promotes harmony between the man-made structures and the nature that surrounds it. This can be achieved through design approaches which are well integrated making the buildings and surroundings part of a unified and interrelated composition. 9. Biostructural †¢ Biostructural is defined by nature doing the actual construction work and makes direct use of natural systems for architectural purposes.

Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is considered as the most indispensable human demands. But due to the pollution, the H2O is contaminated earnestly and it is non safe to be consumed. Because of the environment ordinance and go oning depletion of the fresh H2O resources, focal point has been shifted towards the H2O direction in order to recycle, retrieve and recycle the waste H2O by utilizing the taking engineerings. If the intervention of the H2O does n't convey into serious history, we might be possible to be infected by diseases like diarrhoea, malnutrition, enteric roundworm infections, lymphatic filariasis and other H2O – borne diseases ( Pr & A ; uuml ; ss- & A ; Uuml ; st & A ; uuml ; n et al. , 2008 ) . One of the ways to pull off the H2O beginnings is that by utilizing it to fabricate and treat into bottled mineral H2O.The Importance of the industry to our societyThe bottled mineral is of import because it is really convenient. Tricia ( 2011 ) has claimed that by people would readily to hold sup ply of imbibing H2O to slake their thirst when H2O is non easy accessible. Bottled H2O is besides a healthier option in order to maintain us hydrated because the H2O is usually filtered and tested to guarantee that there is non harmful in it. Besides that, the mineral H2O is really light and eases for presenting procedure. Therefore, it can cut down the disbursals in transit. In add-on, the bottled H2O will be free from the stinky olfactory properties and chemical that can impact the gustatory sensation of the imbibing H2O and do it more gratifying to imbibe.The supply and demand of H2OIt is a affair of satisfaction that consciousness sing purified and hygienic H2O among multitudes is turning with the transition of clip and therefore doing the mineral H2O concern swell up to 15 per cent as compared to yester twelvemonth, forcing the quantum of demand up to around 1.1 billion litres per twelvemonth since contaminated H2O persistently coming out of governmental-run H2O grapevines. The refore, the planetary bottled H2O industry has become really profitable has grown exponentially over the past 10 to fifteen old ages. The most common supply for the mineral H2O is natural H2O which is derived from an approved belowground beginning, such as a protected good or spring that has been inspected, tested, and found to be safe and healthful with regard to H2O quality. Indeed, the mineral H2O consists of 75 % from natural resources and 25 % from the municipal H2O system. In United States, about 700 trade names of bottled H2O are sold. This broad choice reflects diverse consumer demand for safe and good-tasting imbibing H2O options. Furthermore, the immense multination presently make one million millions of dollars on H2O as they extract from the land, slap a label on and sell at competitory monetary values. For case: Aquafina ( Pepsi ) , Dasani ( Coke ) , Perrier ( Nestle ) , Evian, and Fiji Water among 100s of others. First and first, the factor impacting the addition of mineral H2O ingestion is the universe ‘s population will go on to turn in future decennaries. Other than that, it will be the in-migration of the people from the countryside to town. General life criterions are bettering, particularly in the two states with the largest populations: China and India. The universe ‘s current population of about 6.6 billion people will go on to swell over the coming decennaries. The UN predicts a planetary population of 9.2 billion people by the twelvemonth 2050. Demand for H2O will of class escalate strictly in response to this population growing. Experiences in recent decennaries even show that H2O ingestion has grown at a faster rate than the general population. This tendency is chiefly attributable to uninterrupted betterments in life criterions. In1950, for illustration, per capita one-year H2O ingestion averaged 580 M3. This figure had already risen to 625 M3s by the twelvemonth 2000 . Given the population roar in parts such as Asia particularly, this underlying tendency is improbable to be reversed for some clip. However, consumer demand for reviewing alternate drinks, every bit good as increasing public concern about wellness and fittingness and greater consumer instruction about the ingredients in nutrient and drinks, are advancing gross revenues of bottled H2O. Hence, the bottled H2O industry is indicated by the federal and ordinance which is to do certain that the quality of mineral H2O whether is safety to be drunk by public and by IBWA, the trade association stand foring the industry. A broad assortment of bottled Waterss are available to the consumer, and the bulk of these merchandises are acceptable options to imbibing H2O. The bottled H2O got the blessing for administering many authorities plans as the administering the smaller size of bottle is easier than administering the big bulk storage of H2O. The event is organized by the populace or schools besides admire to scatter the bottled H2O which is mineral H2O to people or pupil. Therefore, this will increase the demand of the bottle d mineral H2O as the big distribution to the consumer. Last but no rental, the demand of mineral H2O, supplied in plastic bottles, has been witnessed upward tendency in recent old ages as earlier urban in-between category of the society wanted to avoid water-borne diseases. But now the usage of bottle H2O has become position symbol in society and most of people particularly female normally carry fictile mineral H2O bottles with them while traveling to shopping or someplace else. The tendency of transporting mineral bottles is non merely healthy mark but besides it keeps end-consumers off from physicians. In the nutshell, the populations of planetary universe addition, the addition will the demand of clear H2O like bottled mineral H2O. Water is the most common substance found on Earth that covers over 70 per cent of whole planet and is the lone substance found of course in three signifiers: solid, liquid and gas. However, about 97 per cent of the Earth ‘s H2O is saltwater in oceans and seas. Merely three per cent is freshwater while merely one per cent is available for imbibing – the staying two per cent is frozen in polar ice caps in the form of glaciers. Hence, the supply and demand for the bottled mineral H2O industry is about sufficient and really perchance will derive a monolithic net income to the company of it is managed good.Procedure of fabricating mineral H2OSprings that are disposed above an aquifer secluded from contaminations like industries runoff or healthful drainage are where mineral H2O comes from. Thus the procedure of doing mineral H2O is vitally of im port. Spring H2O must be collected merely at the spring or through a au naturel hole tapping the belowground formation feeding the spring. After that the H2O will pump through pretreatment systems which include different type of filter which are Chlorination System, Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter ( PSF ) , Activated Carbon Filter, UV system with piping, valves and instruments. The system utilizes an ion exchange H2O softener and a assortment of filtration methods. The gilded systems incorporate activated C filters to take bad gustatory sensations and olfactory properties from the H2O. Natural H2O may incorporate populating micro-organisms and organics which are obnoxious to Change by reversal Osmosis ( R.O. ) Membrane. Not merely like that, H2O besides contain ferric which can be oxidized to ferric oxide which is settle down in storage armored combat vehicle. Therefore Chlorine Dosing System is designed for this intent. Sodium hypochlorite solution is dosed in Raw Water Storage Tank to respond with H2O to organize a hypochlorite acid which acts as disinfecting agent. The chlorinated natural H2O will so travel to Pressure Sand Filter via Raw Water Supply Pump. The natural H2O is foremost filtered by filtration unit to take suspended affairs and turbidness from natural H2O. Before feeding to the contrary osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) , free Cl must be removed from the filtrated H2O. This is because chlorine being a strong oxidizing agent which will damage the R.O. Membranes in R.O. Plant. Thus Activated Carbon Filter is map to take Cl, olfactory property and colour while go throughing the H2O through C bed. ( Diagram 1 shows a system for chlorination, acts as Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. ) Diagram 1 After that spring H2O will pretreatment with rearward osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) to cut down the sum dissolved solids from natural H2O beginning. The R.O. Plant use membrane-filtration methods to take many types of big molecules and ions from solutions by using force per unit area to the solution. The solute will stay on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure dissolver is allowed to go through through the other side. ( Diagram 2 shows a R.O. Plant. ) Diagram 2 After passed through R.O. Plant system, the filtrated H2O will has really less TDS ( Total Dissolved Solids ) value which is non good in gustatory sensation. Thus a mineral adding system or blending system will used to heighten the gustatory sensations of the H2O. The scaremonger will blend the physical mineral into the commixture armored combat vehicle and dosing pump will dose the mineral to R.O. Product H2O before ozonation with TDS accountant. The blending system will set the TDS value by adding filtered H2O. ( Diagram 3 shows a Mineral adding system. ) Diagram 3 The mineral added H2O is so stored in Product Water Storage Tank. During storage, atmospheric or any other taint may take topographic point in treated H2O. Hence H2O will feed through the Micron Cartridge Filter. Micron Cartridge Filter will take attention for all right micrometer drosss. It will guarantee the high quality treated H2O before ozonation by taking peculiar affair and some portion of bacteriums and virus. After that the H2O will cysts down to 1 micrometer absolute. ( Diagram 4 shows a Micron Cartridge Filter. ) Diagram 4 After micrometer cartridge filter, H2O comes to the station intervention system which include Ultra Violet system ( U.V. System ) and ozonation. U.V. System will take the bacteriums and viruses one time once more as they may redevelop once more in H2O during drawn-out storage. Hence, the treated H2O is passed through U.V. System which consists of U.V. Tubes which radiates high strength Ultra Violet Rays to kill micro-organisms. Even passed through U.V. System, the bacteriums and viruses may redevelop in jammed bottles over a period of clip. Hence it ‘s necessary to disinfect merchandise H2O prior to bottling filling. The Ozone Generator will turned H2O into O rich H2O and take the bacteriological growing and supply the shelf life of the jammed bottles unless it ‘s unfastened for some period of clip. The ozonation of H2O besides added some gustatory sensation to the treated H2O. Ozonator will bring forth the ozone gas from free ambiance, dry air or force per unit area swing surface assimilation ( PSA ) O generator. Ozone gas will shoot with venturi system mounted on armored combat vehicle with re-circulation armored combat vehicle and pump. ( Diagram 5 shows a U.V. and Ozonation system. ) Diagram 5 Ozone Re-circulating Tank ( ORT ) is designed for required ppm ( parts per million ) Ozone gas mix up in finished merchandise, H2O. In ozone re-circulating armored combat vehicle, H2O re-circulating by required flow rate pump. Continuous re-circulation will supply the ozone concentration to the merchandise H2O before bottling. Overall system:Impact of fabricating mineral H2O on homo and environmentFirst, phthalates are chemicals known to interrupt the endocrines in our human organic structure particularly testosterone, which can take to an unnatural sexual development such as male sterility, premature chest development, malignant neoplastic disease and abortions. Meanwhile, this sort of chemical comes from the fictile H2O bottles by leaching into bottled H2O. Other than that, a random experiment was done during the twelvemonth of 1990 with a trade name of popular bottled H2O and turned up hints of benzine in the bottles where low dose of benzine to human is unaffected but high dose will convey paroxysms and decease. Bottled H2O is besides much more expensive than tap H2O but bottled H2O is frequently no healthier than tap H2O because from the consequences of some surveies had shown that about 25-45 per centum of bottled H2O sold in the United States really comes from municipal resources. Even U.S. FDA ordi nances allowed some taint of faecal stuff in bottled H2O and to boot there are no demands for H2O bottles to be tested for parasites or germicides. Worse is that bottled H2O company are non required to advise their clients if elevated degrees of contaminations are found. The production of H2O bottles is besides making C dioxide non small but is 2.5 million dozenss of it and released to the air and it is the chief key to greenhouse consequence gas that is responsible for planetary heating. Apart from that, we had used excessively many H2O bottles each twelvemonth, it was over-numbered, in U.S. each twelvemonth the sum of H2O bottles can encircle the Earth 150 times if they are set end-to-end but non even 25 per centum is recycled. Due to they are fictile bottles, therefore they decompose easy as the same for other plastics, while we all finished the H2O and the plastic bottles are thrown off, around 2.5 million of fictile H2O bottles an hr and each takes 500 million old ages to break up. Imagine the pollution that was caused by H2O bottles. In order to forestall all of these from go oning, the company should be more toward duty than profitableness and ne'er step out from the safety parametric quantities even though it is non officially secured by the quality applied scientists.